Unlock pathways in medical RESEARCH

Dr Newton's General Guidelines | Each patient is unique. 

These are only examples for education purposes only. 

SEE YOUR DOCTOR FOR ADVICE. 

FOR FLORIDA QUALIFIED CONDITIONS VISIT OMMU

Fast Acting Routes Of Administration = Inhalation Dosing (Every 5 Minutes as Needed)

• Very Sensitive: Start with 1 inhalation every 5-10 minutes as needed.

• New to Cannabis: Use 1–2 inhalations every 5-10 minutes as needed.

• Experienced: Take 2–4 inhalations every 5-10 minutes as needed.

• Very Experienced: Use concentrates like wax or resin as needed. Consider balanced approach to moderate intake from a single route (ex. Taking oral and inhalation routes may help reduce inhalation alone) 

Long Lasting Routes of Administration = Oral Dosing (Sublingual, Capsule, or Edible Every 4 Hours)

• Very Sensitive: Start with 2.5 mg every 4 hours.

• New to Cannabis: Start with 5 mg every 4 hours.

• Experienced: Use 10 mg every 4 hours.

• Very Experienced: Take 10–20 mg every 4 hours based on tolerance.

SEE YOUR DOCTOR FOR ADVICE. 

EXAMPLES OF STARTING DOSES 

Cancer – Oral – Start 5 mg THC BID for pain/appetite.  --> RSO BUCCAL MUCOSA + ORAL 

Epilepsy / Seizure Disorders– Oral CBD – Start 5 mg/kg/day divided BID.   -->  REDUCED SEIZURES. NEUROLOGIST COLLABORATION WHEN STARTING AND WEANING ON OTHER AEDs. 

Glaucoma – Inhalation – Start 2.5 mg THC QID.   --> TRANSIENT REDUCTIONS  IN  IOP /  CONTINUE SPECIALIST F/U.

HIV/AIDS – Edible – Start 2.5 mg THC BID for appetite.   --> IMPROVED APPETITE  / MONITOR NUTRITION AND WEIGHT.

PTSD – Sublingual – Start 2.5 mg THC at bedtime.  --> IMPROVEMENT IN SLEEP/REDUCED ANXIETY  & PANIC ATTACKS  /  IMPROVE  WELL-BEING. REDUCE STIMULANT INTAKE.

ALS – Oral – Start 2.5 mg THC BID for spasticity.  --> NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT. GOAL = REDUCE  DISEASE PROGRESSION BY INCLUDING COMPREHENSIVE REGIMENS. 

Crohn's – Oral – Start 5 mg THC daily, titrate PRN. --> REDUCE GI INFLAMMATION. REDUCE NEED FOR IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS AND POTENTIALLY REDUCE THE NEED FOR SURGERY.

Parkinson’s – Sublingual – Start 1.25 mg THC BID. --> RSO SYRINGE. NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT. REDUCE 

MS – Oral – Start 2.5-5 mg 1:1 CBD:THC BID for spasm/pain.  --> NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT. REDUCE SPASTICITY / IMPROVE RANGE OF  MOTION /  IMPROVE SLEEP  AND MOOD

Chronic Pain – Inhalation – Start 2.5 mg THC TID.  --> VARIES BY CONDITION.  REDUCE PAIN BY 30% OR MORE. IMPROVE ACTIVITY. REDUCE  INFLAMMATION / MUSCLE SPASMS / IMPROVE SLEEP.

Terminal Illness – Edible – Start 2.5 mg THC QID. --> VARIES BY CONDITION. REDUCE ANXIETY/DEPRESSION/PTSD PAIN/INSOMNIA/ N/V, ET AL . 

SIMILAR CONDITIONS: 

Anxiety (if approved) IS SIMILAR TO PTSD. 

Insomnia IS SIMILAR TO PAIN, PTSD, AND NEUROLOGIC CONDITION.  OFTEN CAUSED BY A DISRUPTION IN NEURON / NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTION. 

1. Cancer (FOR MORE SEE THE CANCER SECTION) 

Study 1

Citation: Bar-Sela, G., Zalman, D., Bergman, R., & Visel, B. (2019). Cannabis consumption in palliative care patients: A prospective observational study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 27(5), 1759–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4441-y

Result: Significant reductions reported in pain intensity, nausea, anxiety, depression, and overall distress scores after 6 months of cannabis treatment in palliative cancer patients.

Conclusion: Medical cannabis treatment may significantly improve symptoms and overall quality of life for palliative cancer patients.

Study 2

Citation: Tramer, M. R., Carroll, D., Campbell, F. A., Reynolds, D. J. M., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2001). Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review. BMJ, 323(7303), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7303.16  

Result: Systematic review found cannabinoids were more effective than conventional antiemetics (prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, etc.) in controlling chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in analyzed trials.

Conclusion: Cannabinoids show superior efficacy compared to some older antiemetic drugs for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, but side effects were noted.

2. Epilepsy

Study 1

Citation: Devinsky, O., Cross, J. H., Laux, L., Marsh, E., Miller, I., Nabbout, R., Scheffer, I. E., Thiele, E. A., & Wright, S. (2017). Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 376(21), 2011–2020. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611618  

Result: Patients with Dravet syndrome receiving cannabidiol (CBD) experienced a significantly greater median reduction in convulsive seizure frequency (38.9%) compared to placebo (13.3%).

Conclusion: Cannabidiol is effective in reducing the frequency of convulsive seizures in patients with Dravet syndrome compared to placebo.

Study 2

Citation: Thiele, E. A., Marsh, E. D., French, J. A., Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska, M., Benbadis, S. R., Joshi, C., Lyons, P. D., Taylor, A., Roberts, C., & Sommerville, K. (2018). Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. The Lancet, 391(10125), 1085–1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30136-3  

Result: Patients receiving CBD (20 mg/kg/day) had a median reduction in drop seizure frequency of 43.9%, significantly greater than the 21.8% reduction in the placebo group.

Conclusion: Add-on treatment with cannabidiol resulted in a greater reduction in drop seizure frequency than placebo among patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

3. Glaucoma

Study 1

Citation: Merritt, J. C., Crawford, W. J., Alexander, P. C., Anduze, A. L., & Gelbart, S. S. (1980). Effect of marihuana on intraocular and blood pressure in glaucoma. Ophthalmology, 87(3), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(80)35251-x  

Result: Inhalation of marijuana significantly lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.

Conclusion: Marijuana smoking causes a significant reduction in IOP in glaucoma patients, though effects are relatively short-lived.

Study 2

Citation: Tomida, I., Azuara-Blanco, A., House, H., Flint, M., Pertwee, R. G., & Robson, P. J. (2006). Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids on intraocular pressure: a pilot study. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 90(7), 851–853. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.086414  

Result: Sublingual delta-9-THC (5mg) significantly reduced IOP 2 hours post-administration, while sublingual CBD (20mg) had no effect, and a higher CBD dose (40mg) transiently increased IOP.

Conclusion: Low-dose sublingual THC can transiently lower IOP, whereas CBD does not appear to lower IOP and may even increase it at higher doses.

4. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) / AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Study 1

Citation: Abrams, D. I., Jay, C. A., Shade, S. B., Vizoso, H., Reda, H., Press, S., Kelly, M. E., Rowbotham, M. C., & Petersen, K. L. (2007). Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology, 68(7), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000253187.66183.9c  

Result: Patients smoking cannabis experienced greater pain relief (median 34% reduction) for HIV-associated sensory neuropathy compared to those smoking placebo cigarettes (median 17% reduction).

Conclusion: Smoked cannabis was well tolerated and effectively relieved chronic neuropathic pain from HIV-associated sensory neuropathy.  

Study 2

Citation: Ellis, R. J., Toperoff, W., Vaida, F., van den Brande, G., Gonzales, J., Gouaux, B., Bentley, H., & Atkinson, J. H. (2009). Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(3), 672–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2008.120  

Result: Smoked cannabis significantly reduced daily neuropathic pain intensity compared to placebo in HIV patients (46% achieved >30% pain relief with cannabis vs. 18% with placebo).

Conclusion: Smoked cannabis is a potentially effective option for treating neuropathic pain in HIV infection.

5. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Study 1

Citation: Amtmann, D., Weydt, P., Carter, G. T., & Weiss, M. D. (2004). Survey of cannabis use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 21(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/104990910402100206  

Result: In a survey, ALS patients reported using cannabis for symptom relief, primarily for appetite loss, depression, pain, spasticity, and drooling, with moderate perceived effectiveness.

Conclusion: ALS patients use cannabis to manage various symptoms, suggesting potential benefits warranting further clinical investigation.

Study 2

Citation: Riva, N., Mora, G., Sorarù, G., Lunetta, C., Ferraro, O. E., Falzone, Y., Leocani, L., Fazio, R., & Filippi, M. (2019). Safety and efficacy of nabiximols on spasticity symptoms in patients with motor neuron disease (CANALS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology, 18(2), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30406-X

Result: Nabiximols (THC:CBD oromucosal spray) showed a statistically significant improvement in spasticity scores (NRS) compared to placebo in patients with motor neuron disease (including ALS).

Conclusion: Nabiximols may be a useful treatment option for managing spasticity symptoms in patients with motor neuron disease.

6. Crohn's Disease

Study 1

Citation: Naftali, T., Bar-Lev Schleider, L., Dotan, I., Lansky, E. P., Sklerovsky Benjaminov, F., & Konikoff, F. M. (2013). Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn's disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11(10), 1276–1280.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.034  

Result: Complete remission was achieved by 5 of 11 subjects smoking cannabis cigarettes (THC-rich), compared to 1 of 10 on placebo. A clinical response (>100 point reduction in CDAI) occurred in 10 of 11 cannabis subjects vs. 4 of 10 placebo subjects.

Conclusion: Short-term (8 weeks) use of THC-rich cannabis produced significant clinical benefits in patients with Crohn's disease, although it did not induce endoscopic remission.

Study 2

Citation: Naftali, T., Mechulam, R., Marii, A., Gabay, G., Stein, A., Bronshtain, M., Laish, I., Benjaminov, F., & Konikoff, F. M. (2017). Low-Dose Cannabidiol Is Safe but Not Effective in the Treatment for Crohn's Disease, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 62(6), 1615–1620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-017-4540-z (Note: This study title indicates lack of effectiveness for primary outcome, but it still informs the research)  

Result: While low-dose CBD did not significantly improve Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores compared to placebo, patients receiving CBD reported improvements in quality of life.

Conclusion: Low-dose CBD alone was safe but did not demonstrate effectiveness in reducing Crohn's disease activity scores, though subjective quality of life improvements were noted.

7. Parkinson's Disease

Study 1

Citation: Chagas, M. H. N., Eckeli, A. L., Zuardi, A. W., Pena-Pereira, M. A., Sobreira-Neto, M. A., Sobreira, E. T., Camilo, M. R., Bergamaschi, M. M., Schenck, C. H., Hallak, J. E. C., Tumas, V., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2014). Cannabidiol can improve complex sleep-related behaviours associated with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease patients: a case series. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 39(5), 564–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12179  

Result: CBD administration promptly reduced the frequency of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) events in four Parkinson's disease patients without side effects.

Conclusion: Cannabidiol shows potential for controlling the symptoms of RBD in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Study 2

Citation: Lotan, I., Treves, T. A., Roditi, Y., & Djaldetti, R. (2014). Cannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease: an open-label study. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 37(2), 41–44. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000016  

Result: Significant improvement in motor scores (UPDRS), tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, sleep, and pain scores were observed 30 minutes after cannabis consumption in Parkinson's patients.

Conclusion: Medical cannabis (smoked) demonstrated a significant improvement in motor and non-motor symptoms among patients with Parkinson's disease in this short-term observational study.

8. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Study 1

Citation: Zajicek, J. P., Sanders, H. P., Wright, D. E., Vickery, P. J., Ingram, W. M., Reilly, S. M., Nunn, A. J., Teare, L. J., Fox, P. J., & Thompson, A. J. (2003). Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 362(9395), 1517–1526. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14738-1  

Result: While objective spasticity measures didn't significantly differ, patients taking cannabis extract or THC reported subjective improvements in spasticity and pain compared to placebo.

Conclusion: Cannabinoids may be clinically useful for treating MS symptoms like spasticity and pain, primarily based on patient-reported outcomes.

Study 2

Citation: Novotna, A., Mares, J., Ratcliffe, S., Novakova, I., Vachova, M., Zapletalova, O., Gasperini, C., Pozzilli, C., Cefaro, L., Comi, G., Rossi, P., Ambler, Z., Stelmasiak, Z., & Unger, S. (2011). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols* (Sativex® ), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. European Journal of Neurology, 18(9), 1122–1131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03328.x  

Result: Patients with refractory MS spasticity who initially responded to nabiximols (Sativex) showed significantly greater improvement in spasticity scores during the randomized phase compared to those switched to placebo.

Conclusion: Nabiximols (THC:CBD spray) is an effective add-on treatment for reducing spasticity in MS patients who haven't responded adequately to other therapies.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Study 1

• Citation: Blessing, E. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1  

• Result: This review examines preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting CBD's potential in reducing anxiety-related symptoms, which overlap with PTSD symptoms.

• Conclusion: Cannabidiol (CBD) shows promise as a therapeutic option for anxiety disorders, and therefore potentially PTSD, due to its effects on the endocannabinoid system.

Study 2

• Citation: Elms, N. J., Shannon, S., Hughes, S., & Lewis, N. (2019). Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Series. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 25(4), 392–397. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2018.0437  

• Result: This case series showed that CBD, in conjunction with routine psychiatric treatment, was associated with a reduction in PTSD symptoms in adult outpatients.

• Conclusion: CBD may be a beneficial adjunct therapy for PTSD, demonstrating a reduction in symptoms when added to traditional treatment.

PTSD in Veterans

Study 1

• Citation: Jetcheva, V., & Tashkin, D. P. (2019). Effects of marijuana on neurocognitive function and brain structure in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2018.1542125

• Result: This study examined the effects of marijuana use on neurocognitive function and brain structure in veterans with PTSD. While some veterans reported symptom relief, the study also revealed potential negative impacts on certain cognitive functions.

• Conclusion: The relationship between marijuana use and PTSD symptoms in veterans is complex and requires careful consideration of potential risks and benefits.

Study 2

• Citation: Fraser, G. A. (2009). Use of a synthetic cannabinoid in a veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder: a case report. The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 16(1), e16–e19. https://www.cjcp.ca/index.php/cjcp/article/view/1004

• Result: This case report described the use of a synthetic cannabinoid (nabilone) in a veteran with PTSD, showing a positive impact on nightmares and sleep disturbances.

• Conclusion: Synthetic cannabinoids may offer some benefit in managing specific PTSD symptoms, like sleep disturbances, in veterans.

Cancer Patients: Medical Cannabis & Cannabinoids

1. Cancer Pain Management

Citation: Johnson, J. R., Burnell-Nugent, M., Lossignol, D., Ganae-Motan, E. D., Potts, R., & Fallon, M. T. (2010). Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of nabiximols (Sativex), as add-on analgesic therapy in patients with poorly controlled chronic pain caused by cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 39(2), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.008

Result: Nabiximols (Sativex) demonstrated significant pain reduction in patients with poorly controlled cancer pain.  

Conclusion: Nabiximols is an effective add-on analgesic therapy for cancer pain.

 Citation: Lynch, M. E., & Ware, M. A. (2015). Health Canada's Marihuana Access Program: a retrospective analysis of patient reported effectiveness. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 49(4), 732–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.10.006

Result: Retrospective analysis showed that patients reported significant pain relief with medical cannabis.

Conclusion: Medical cannabis can be effective for chronic pain management in cancer patients.

2. Nausea and Vomiting (N/V) Management

Citation: Tramer, M. R., Carroll, D., Campbell, F. A., Reynolds, D. J. M., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2001). Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review. BMJ, 323(7303), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7303.16

Result: Cannabinoids were more effective than conventional antiemetics in controlling chemotherapy-induced N/V.  

Conclusion: Cannabinoids show superior efficacy compared to some older antiemetic drugs for chemotherapy-induced N/V.  

Citation: Meiri, E., Jhangiani, H., Vredenbregt, D., Anderson, P. J., & McQuade, R. (2007). Efficacy of Dronabinol Alone and in Combination with Ondansetron versus Ondansetron Alone for Delayed Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 34(3), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.12.016

Result: Dronabinol, alone or with ondansetron, was effective for delayed chemotherapy-induced N/V.  

Conclusion: Dronabinol is a viable option for managing delayed N/V.

3. Appetite Stimulation

Citation: Beal, J. E., Olson, R., Laubenstein, L., Morales, J. O., Bellman, P., Yangco, B., ... & Plasse, T. F. (1995). Marinol as a stimulant of appetite in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 333(3), 172–176. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199507203330303

Result: Dronabinol (Marinol) significantly increased appetite in patients with AIDS-related anorexia.  

Conclusion: Dronabinol is effective in stimulating appetite.  

 Citation: Strasser, F., Luftner, D., Possinger, K., Ernst, G., Ruhstaller, T., Meissner, W., ... & Aebi, S. (2006). Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol for refractory cancer-related anorexia/cachexia: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(21), 3394–3400. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.05.106

Result: Cannabis extract and THC improved appetite in some patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia.

Conclusion: Cannabinoids may provide appetite stimulation in certain cancer patients.  

4. Survival Time / Quality of Life

Citation: Gastmeier, K., Gastmeier, A., Schwab, F., & Herdegen, T. (2024). The Use of Tetrahydrocannabinol Is Associated with an Increase in Survival Time in Palliative Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids, 7(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1159/000538311

Result: Survival time was significantly prolonged by THC in palliative cancer patients receiving >4.7 mg/day.  

Conclusion: THC use is associated with increased survival time in specific palliative cancer patient cohorts.  

 Citation: Bar-Sela, G., Zalman, D., Bergman, R., & Visel, B. (2019). Cannabis consumption in palliative care patients: A prospective observational study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 27(5), 1759–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4441-y

Result: Significant improvements in overall quality of life reported in palliative cancer patients after 6 months of cannabis treatment.

Conclusion: Medical cannabis may significantly improve overall quality of life for palliative cancer patients.

5. Other Symptom Management (Anxiety, Depression, Distress)

Citation: Bar-Sela, G., Zalman, D., Bergman, R., & Visel, B. (2019). Cannabis consumption in palliative care patients: A prospective observational study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 27(5), 1759–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4441-y

Result: Significant reductions reported in anxiety, depression, and overall distress scores in palliative cancer patients.

Conclusion: Medical cannabis may significantly improve psychological symptoms and overall distress in palliative cancer patients.  

Citation: Swift, R. M., & Hurd, Y. L. (2011). Cannabidiol (CBD) as a promising anti-addiction treatment. Neuropharmacology, 61(8), 1129–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.019

Result: Review discusses the potential of CBD in reducing anxiety and other related symptoms.  

Conclusion: CBD has shown promise for managing some psychological distress.

Important considerations include the variability between individuals, product variations, potential drug interactions, and the general need for more high quality controlled studies.

1. Chronic Pain

Citation 1
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625
Results: Substantial evidence indicates cannabis is effective for chronic pain relief in adults.
Conclusion: Cannabis is a viable option for managing chronic pain in adults.​

Citation 2 [ Smoked Cannabis ]
Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., et al. (2010). Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized trial. CMAJ, 182(14), E694–E701. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091414
Results: Participants experienced a 30% reduction in pain intensity with 9.4% THC cannabis.
Conclusion: Smoked cannabis effectively reduces neuropathic pain intensity.​

2. Reduced Morbidity / Reduced Opioid Doses

Citation 1
Boehnke, K. F., Litinas, E., & Clauw, D. J. (2016). Medical cannabis use is associated with decreased opiate medication use in a retrospective cross-sectional survey of patients with chronic pain. Journal of Pain, 17(6), 739–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2016.03.002
Results: 64% of chronic pain patients reduced opioid use when using medical cannabis.
Conclusion: Medical cannabis may decrease reliance on opioids for pain management.​

3. ADDITIONAL INFO

Citation 1
Sidney, S., Beck, J. E., Tekawa, I. S., et al. (1997). Marijuana use and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87(4), 585–590. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.4.585
Results: No increased mortality risk associated with marijuana use in men; slight increase in AIDS-related mortality likely due to confounding factors.
Conclusion: Marijuana use does not significantly affect non-AIDS mortality rates.​PBS: Public Broadcasting Service

Citation 2
Desai, R., Patel, U., Sharma, S., et al. (2019). Recreational marijuana use and acute cardiovascular events: Insights from nationwide inpatient data in the United States. American Journal of Medicine, 132(7), 807–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.02.015
Results: Cannabis use associated with decreased in-hospital mortality among heart attack patients.
Conclusion: Cannabis use may have a protective effect in acute cardiovascular events.​NORML+1CannaMD+1

RISKS 

Citation
Bleyer, A., Barnes, B., & Alpert, J. S. (2021). Cannabis use and risks of respiratory and all-cause morbidity and mortality: A population-based cohort study. BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 9(1), e001216. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001216
Results: Cannabis use associated with increased all-cause emergency room visits and hospitalizations.
Conclusion: Cannabis use may elevate risks of respiratory and overall morbidity.

Concise Outline | Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Definition: Chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS), leading to inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage.

Neurological Symptoms: Visual disturbances, motor impairment, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, spasticity.

Diagnostic Criteria:

• Historical Landmark: Charcot (1868) first identified MS.

• Tools: MRI (lesions), cerebrospinal fluid (oligoclonal bands), clinical assessment.

• McDonald Criteria (2001, updates in 2010, 2017): Lesion dissemination over time & space. 

4 Types of MS & Prevalence:

1. Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) ~85% – Periodic attacks, partial/full recovery.

2. Primary Progressive MS (PPMS) ~10-15% – Steady worsening, no distinct relapses.

3. Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS) (Develops from RRMS) – Worsening function after initial relapses.

4. Progressive-Relapsing MS (PRMS) ~5% – Steady decline with acute relapses.

History & Timeline of Autoimmune Disease:

• Pre-1900s: Charcot’s MS characterization (1868), infectious theories.

• 1900–1950s: Autoimmunity recognized (Hashimoto’s, Lupus), autoantibodies discovered.

• 1960s–1980s: T-cell, cytokine discoveries; MRI breakthrough.

• 1990s–2000s: Endocannabinoid system (ECS) discovery (1990), Betaseron FDA approval (1993), MS-cannabis research.

• 2010s: Precision medicine; Ocrevus FDA approval (2017), cannabis acceptance.

• 2020s: Advances in immunotherapy, CB₂ research, microbiome studies.

U.S. States Legalizing Medical Cannabis for MS (Many including …)

• California (1996) – Proposition 215.| Oregon (1998) – Oregon Medical Marijuana Act.

• Maine (1999)  Rhode Island (2006)  New Mexico (2007)

• Georgia (2015) – Haleigh’s Hope Act (Low-THC Oil). 

• Florida (2016) – Amendment 2 (Medical Cannabis).  

Risk Factors for MS:

• Genetics – Family history.

• Environmental – Vitamin D deficiency, viral infections.

• Lifestyle – Smoking, toxin exposure.

• Gut Health – Microbiome imbalances.

• Mental Health – Depression, stress.

Preventative Strategies:

• Vitamin D & Sunlight – Lowers MS risk.

• Anti-Inflammatory Diet – Supports gut and immune health.

• Regular Exercise – Boosts immune resilience.

• Stress Management – Reduces flare-ups.

• Avoid Smoking & Toxins – Lowers inflammation risk.

• Early Screening – Identifies risk factors for intervention.

Treatment Overview:

• Standard Therapies: Interferon Beta, Glatiramer Acetate, Ocrelizumab.

• Emerging Therapies: Stem cells, BTK inhibitors, targeted immunotherapies.

• Cannabis-Based: Sativex (nabiximols), Epidiolex (CBD), personalized cannabis regimens.

Future Directions:

• CRISPR gene-editing. Personalized immunotherapies. Remyelination strategies.

• Expanded cannabis integration.

References:

1. Charcot, J. M. (1868). Histological and clinical studies on MS.

2. McDonald, W. I., et al. (2001). MS diagnostic criteria. Ann Neurol.

3. Hauser, S. L., et al. (2017). Ocrelizumab for MS. N Engl J Med.

4. Compston, A., & Coles, A. (2008). MS review. Lancet.

5. California Prop 215 (1996).

6. New Mexico Compassionate Use Act (2007).

7. Florida Amendment 2 (2016).

8. Georgia Haleigh’s Hope Act (2015).  

9. Also see - https://www.nationalmssociety.org/ | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=multiple+sclerosis+cann*  | TerelNewton.com

Concise Outline | Stress

Definition: Physiological or psychological response to demands or pressures, disrupting homeostasis.

Symptoms:

• Psychological: Anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, mood swings.

• Physiological: Increased heart rate, muscle tension, headaches, sleep disturbances.

Diagnostic Considerations:

• Subjective assessment: Self-reported symptoms, life events.

• Physiological markers: Cortisol levels, heart rate variability.

• Psychological evaluations: Anxiety and depression scales.

Types of Stress & Prevalence:

• Acute Stress: Short-term response to immediate threats or challenges.

• Chronic Stress: Prolonged exposure to stressors, leading to sustained physiological activation.

• Episodic Acute Stress: Frequent bouts of acute stress.

History & Timeline of Stress Research:

• Early 20th Century: Cannon's "fight or flight" response, Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).

• Mid-20th Century: Lazarus's cognitive appraisal theory, Holmes and Rahe's life events scale.

• Late 20th Century: Allostatic load concept, psychoneuroimmunology studies.

• 21st Century: Focus on the impact of chronic stress on the brain, microbiome, and the development of resilience.

Lifestyle Factors and Stress (Many including…):

• Lack of Sleep: Disrupts hormonal balance and cognitive function.

• Poor Diet: Increases inflammation and reduces resilience.

• Sedentary Lifestyle: Reduces physical and mental well-being.

• Social Isolation: Lack of support networks.

• Substance Abuse: Maladaptive coping mechanisms.

Risk Factors for Stress:

• Genetic Predisposition: Variations in stress response genes.

• Environmental Factors: Exposure to trauma, poverty, or discrimination.

• Personality Traits: Neuroticism, low resilience.

• Occupational Stress: Demanding work environments.

• Relationship Issues: Conflict, lack of support.

Preventative Strategies:

• Regular Exercise: Reduces cortisol, increases endorphins.

• Mindfulness and Meditation: Calms the nervous system.

• Balanced Diet: Supports physiological resilience.

• Adequate Sleep: Promotes hormonal regulation.

• Social Support: Buffers against stress impact.

• Time Management: Reduces feelings of being overwhelmed.

Treatment Overview:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Modifies maladaptive thought patterns.

• Stress Management Techniques: Relaxation, deep breathing.

• Medications: Antidepressants, anxiolytics (short-term use).

• Lifestyle Modifications: Exercise, diet, sleep hygiene.

• Medical cannabis (CBD, low-dose THC) shows potential for stress relief, but requires careful consideration and professional guidance.  

Future Directions:

• Personalized Stress Management: Tailored interventions based on individual profiles.

• Neurofeedback and Biofeedback: Training self-regulation of physiological responses.

• Gut-Brain Axis Research: Exploring the role of the microbiome in stress resilience.

• Digital Therapeutics: Apps and online programs for stress reduction.

References:

• Cannon, W. B. (1915). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage.

• Selye, H. (1936). A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents.

• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping.

• Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale.

• McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress.

• American Psychological Association. (APA) stress resources.

• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) stress information.

• Also see - https://www.apa.org/topics/stress | https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/stress | General stress and wellness resources.

Concise Outline | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Definition: A complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and social interaction, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

Core Symptoms/Characteristics:

• Social Communication/Interaction Deficits: Difficulties with social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and developing/maintaining relationships.  

• 
  

• Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors/Interests/Activities (RRBs): Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements/speech, insistence on sameness/inflexible adherence to routines, highly restricted/fixated interests, hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input.  

• 
  

Diagnostic Criteria:

• Historical Landmarks: Kanner (1943) described "early infantile autism"; Asperger (1944) described "autistic psychopathy".  

• 
  

• Tools: Clinical observation, detailed developmental history, standardized assessments (e.g., ADOS-2, ADI-R).

• Diagnostic Manual: DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed., 2013) – Requires persistent deficits in social communication/interaction AND at least two types of RRBs. Specifies severity levels based on support needed.  

• 
  

Severity Levels (DSM-5) & Prevalence:

• Level 3: Requiring very substantial support.

• Level 2: Requiring substantial support.

• Level 1: Requiring support.

• Prevalence: Approximately 1 in 36 children in the U.S. identified with ASD (CDC, 2023 data). Affects all ethnic and socioeconomic groups.  

• 
  

History & Timeline of Autism Understanding:

• Pre-1940s: Not distinctly recognized.

• 1940s–1970s: Kanner & Asperger's initial descriptions; psychoanalytic theories (e.g., "refrigerator mother" - later discredited).

• 1980s–1990s: Recognized as a developmental disorder (DSM-III); shift towards biological/genetic basis; increased research.

• 2000s: Rapid increase in prevalence estimates and public awareness; focus on early intervention.

• 2010s: DSM-5 consolidates previous diagnoses (Autistic Disorder, Asperger's, PDD-NOS) into ASD; genetic research expands; initial research into cannabinoids for ASD symptoms.  

• 
  

• 2020s: Focus on neurodiversity, personalized interventions, co-occurring conditions, continued genetic and biomarker research.

U.S. States Legalizing Medical Cannabis for Autism (Selected Examples Including...): (Note: Laws vary; some list ASD specifically, others allow it via physician discretion under broader categories or for specific symptoms.)

• Delaware (2011, added Autism later)

• Minnesota (2014, added Autism 2018)

• Georgia (2015) – Haleigh’s Hope Act (Low-THC Oil for severe autism or patients >18).  

• 
  

• Pennsylvania (2016, added Autism 2018)

• Florida (2016) – Amendment 2 (Not explicitly listed, but often qualifies via physician determination under "medical condition of the same kind or class" or for co-occurring conditions like seizures).  

• 
  

• Texas (2015, expanded 2019/2021) – Compassionate Use Program (Low-THC for specific conditions including Autism).

Risk Factors for ASD:

• Genetics: Strongest factor; numerous genes implicated; higher risk with family history or certain genetic conditions (e.g., Fragile X, Tuberous Sclerosis).

• Environmental/Prenatal: Advanced parental age, prenatal exposure to certain medications (e.g., valproic acid) or infections, complications during birth, low birth weight. (Note: No reliable evidence links vaccines to ASD).

• Neurological: Differences in brain structure and function.

Supportive Strategies & Interventions:

• Early Intervention: Crucial; includes behavioral therapies (ABA), speech therapy, occupational therapy.  

• 
  

• Behavioral Approaches: Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Pivotal Response Training (PRT).

• Educational Support: Specialized instruction, IEPs (Individualized Education Programs).

• Social Skills Training: Programs to improve interaction and understanding social cues.  

• 
  

• Sensory Integration Therapy: Addressing sensory sensitivities.

• Family Support & Training: Resources and strategies for caregivers.

Treatment/Intervention Overview:

• Standard Therapies: No cure; focus on managing symptoms and maximizing function via behavioral, educational, and developmental therapies. Medications (e.g., Risperidone, Aripiprazole) FDA-approved for irritability associated with ASD; others target co-occurring conditions (ADHD, anxiety, epilepsy).  

• 
  

• Emerging Approaches: Variations in behavioral therapies, technology-assisted interventions.

• Cannabis-Based: Research primarily focuses on CBD for co-occurring symptoms like seizures, anxiety, aggression, and sleep problems. Clinical trials are ongoing (e.g., studies by Aran et al.).

Future Directions:

• Improved early detection and diagnostic tools.

• Biomarker identification for tailored interventions.

• Deeper understanding of ASD's heterogeneity and underlying biology.

• Development of targeted pharmacological treatments.

• Continued research into cannabis-based therapies (CBD, other cannabinoids) for specific symptoms.

• Emphasis on neurodiversity acceptance and improving quality of life across the lifespan.

References:

• Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child.  

• 
  

• Asperger, H. (1944). Die ‘Autistischen Psychopathen’ im Kindesalter. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten.  

• 
  

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).

• CDC Autism Data and Statistics: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html

• Autism Speaks: https://www.autismspeaks.org/

• Autism Research Institute (ARI): https://www.autism.org/

• Bar-Lev Schleider, L., et al. (2019). Real life Experience of Medical Cannabis Treatment in Autism. Sci Rep.

• Also see - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=autism+spectrum+disorder+cannab*

Concise Outline | Parkinson's Disease (PD)

Definition: Progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement, due to loss of dopamine-producing neurons.

Symptoms:

• Motor: Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slow movement), postural instability.

• Non-Motor: Depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, cognitive changes, autonomic dysfunction.

Diagnostic Criteria:

• Clinical assessment: Presence of cardinal motor symptoms.

• DaTscan: Imaging to assess dopamine transporter levels.

• Levodopa response: Improvement in symptoms with levodopa.

Types of PD & Prevalence:

• Idiopathic PD: Most common, cause unknown.

• Atypical Parkinsonism: Other neurodegenerative diseases with Parkinsonian features.

• Early-Onset PD: Onset before age 50.

History & Timeline of PD Research:

• 1817: James Parkinson's "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy."

• 1960s: Discovery of dopamine's role, levodopa therapy.

• 1980s-1990s: Development of dopamine agonists, deep brain stimulation (DBS).

• 21st Century: Genetic research, non-motor symptom focus, neuroprotection studies.

Lifestyle Factors and PD (Many including…):

• Exercise: Neuroprotective effects, symptom management.

• Nutrition: Balanced diet, potential benefits of certain nutrients.

• Sleep Hygiene: Addressing sleep disturbances.

• Stress Management: Reducing symptom exacerbation.

• Social Engagement: Combating isolation and depression.

Risk Factors for PD:

• Age: Primary risk factor.

• Genetics: Mutations in specific genes.

• Environmental Toxins: Pesticide exposure.

• Head Trauma: Potential link to increased risk.

• Male Gender: Slightly higher prevalence.

Preventative Strategies:

• Regular Exercise: May reduce risk.

• Healthy Diet: Antioxidant-rich foods.

• Avoidance of Toxins: Limiting exposure to pesticides.

• Managing Comorbidities: Addressing conditions like hypertension.

Treatment Overview:

• Levodopa: Gold standard for motor symptom management.

• Dopamine Agonists: Alternative or adjunct to levodopa.

• Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Surgical intervention for advanced PD.

• Physical Therapy: Improving mobility and balance.

• Medical cannabis: potential for non motor symptom relief, but more research is needed.

Future Directions:

• Neuroprotective Therapies: Slowing disease progression.

• Gene Therapy: Addressing underlying genetic causes.

• Stem Cell Therapy: Regenerating dopamine-producing neurons.

• Personalized Medicine: Tailoring treatments to individual needs.

References:

• Parkinson, J. (1817). An Essay on the Shaking Palsy.

• Lang, A. E., & Lozano, A. M. (1998). Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med.

• Poewe, W. (2008). Clinical aspects of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord.

• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) PD information.

• The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research.

• Also see - https://www.ninds.nih.gov/ | https://www.michaeljfox.org/ | General Parkinson's Disease resources.

Concise Outline | Migraines

Definition: Recurrent, moderate to severe headaches often accompanied by other neurological symptoms.

Symptoms:

• Head pain: Throbbing, unilateral.

• Aura: Visual, sensory, or motor disturbances.

• Nausea/vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia.

Diagnostic Criteria:

• International Headache Society criteria.

• Frequency, duration, and characteristics of headaches.

• Exclusion of other causes.

Types of Migraines & Prevalence:

• Migraine with aura (classical migraine).

• Migraine without aura (common migraine).

• Chronic migraine.

• Vestibular migraine.

History & Timeline of Migraine Research:

• Ancient texts: Descriptions of migraine-like headaches.

• 19th century: Recognition as a distinct neurological disorder.

• 20th century: Serotonin's role, triptan development.

• 21st century: CGRP pathway, gepant and ditan drugs.

Lifestyle Factors and Migraines (Many including…):

• Sleep disturbances, stress, dietary triggers (e.g., caffeine, alcohol).

• Hormonal fluctuations, environmental changes.

• Dehydration, skipping meals.

Risk Factors for Migraines:

• Family history, female gender, hormonal changes.

• Stress, certain foods, sensory stimuli.

Preventative Strategies:

• Identifying and avoiding triggers.

• Regular sleep, stress management.

• Prophylactic medications (beta-blockers, antidepressants).

Treatment Overview:

• Acute medications: Triptans, NSAIDs, CGRP antagonists.

• Preventative medications.

• Lifestyle modifications, biofeedback.

• Medical cannabis: Potential for pain and symptom relief, more research needed.

Future Directions:

• Personalized medicine, gene therapy, novel CGRP-targeted therapies.

• Improved understanding of neuroinflammation.

References:

• International Headache Society (IHS) guidelines.

• Headache journal publications.

• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) migraine information.

Concise Outline | Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Definition: Chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.

Symptoms:

• Abdominal pain/cramping, bloating, gas.

• Diarrhea-predominant (IBS-D), constipation-predominant (IBS-C), mixed (IBS-M).

• Changes in stool frequency and consistency.

Diagnostic Criteria:

• Rome IV criteria.

• Symptom duration and frequency.

• Exclusion of other gastrointestinal diseases.

Types of IBS & Prevalence:

• IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, IBS-Unspecified.

History & Timeline of IBS Research:

• Early descriptions of functional bowel disorders.

• 20th century: Recognition as a distinct clinical entity.

• 21st century: Gut-brain axis, microbiome research.

Lifestyle Factors and IBS (Many including…):

• Stress, diet (FODMAPs), gut microbiome imbalances.

• Psychological factors (anxiety, depression).

• Food sensitivities.

Risk Factors for IBS:

• Female gender, prior gastrointestinal infections.

• Stressful life events, psychological disorders.

Preventative Strategies:

• Stress management, dietary modifications (low-FODMAP diet).

• Probiotics, prebiotics.

• Regular exercise.

Treatment Overview:

• Dietary changes, fiber supplements.

• Antispasmodics, antidiarrheals, laxatives.

• Psychological therapies (CBT, hypnotherapy).

• Medical cannabis: Potential for symptom relief, more research needed.

Future Directions:

• Microbiome-targeted therapies, gut-brain axis modulation.

• Personalized dietary interventions.

References:

• Rome Foundation criteria.

• Gastroenterology journal publications.

• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) IBS information.

Endocannabinoid System (ECS) Deficiency Note:

• Migraines, IBS, and Fibromyalgia have shown some evidence of association with a potential Endocannabinoid System Deficiency (Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency - CECD). This theory suggests that some individuals may have a lower than optimal function of their ECS, which can contribute to the development or severity of these conditions.

• The ECS plays a role in pain modulation, gut motility, and neuroinflammation, all of which are involved in these conditions.

• Research is ongoing to further explore the relationship between ECS function and these disorders, and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids.

Concise Outline | Mental Health

Definition: State of well-being where individuals realize their abilities, cope with stressors, and contribute to their community.

Symptoms:

• Psychological: Anxiety, depression, mood swings, cognitive impairment, psychosis.

• Behavioral: Social withdrawal, substance abuse, changes in sleep/appetite.

Diagnostic Criteria:

• DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).

• Clinical interviews, psychological evaluations, symptom checklists.

• Neuroimaging (in some cases).

Common Mental Health Conditions & Prevalence:

• Depression (~5% global prevalence).

• Anxiety Disorders (~4% global prevalence).

• Bipolar Disorder (~1% global prevalence).

• Schizophrenia (~1% global prevalence).

History & Timeline of Mental Health Treatment:

• Pre-1900s: Moral treatment, asylums.

• 1900–1950s: Psychoanalysis, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

• 1960s–1980s: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, community mental health.

• 1990s–2000s: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

• 2010s-2020s: Precision psychiatry, digital mental health, neuromodulation, cannabis research.

U.S. States Legalizing Medical Cannabis for Mental Health (Varies, some including…):

• Many states with medical cannabis programs allow it for conditions like PTSD, anxiety, and depression, contingent on qualifying criteria and physician recommendations.

• Specific qualifying conditions vary widely by state.

Risk Factors for Mental Health Conditions:

• Genetics – Family history.

• Environmental – Trauma, stress, socioeconomic factors.

• Biological – Neurotransmitter imbalances, brain abnormalities.

• Substance Use – Drug and alcohol abuse.

Preventative Strategies:

• Stress management, coping skills.

• Healthy lifestyle (diet, exercise, sleep).

• Social support, community engagement.

• Early intervention, mental health literacy.

Treatment Overview:

• Psychotherapy (CBT, DBT, etc.).

• Medications (antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics).

• Neuromodulation (ECT, TMS).

• Cannabis-Based:

  • CBD: Potential for anxiety and PTSD symptom relief; research ongoing.

  • THC: Complex relationship; low doses may alleviate some symptoms, but high doses can exacerbate anxiety/psychosis.

  • Clinical Considerations: Requires careful monitoring, professional guidance, and personalized regimens due to potential interactions and risks.

Future Directions:

• Personalized psychiatry, biomarker identification.

• Digital therapeutics, AI-driven interventions.

• Gut-brain axis research, microbiome interventions.

• Expanded research into cannabis's therapeutic potential.

References:

• American Psychiatric Association (APA) DSM-5.

• World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Reports.

• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

• APA Practice Guidelines.

• Peer reviewed research on cannabis and mental health conditions.

• State-specific medical cannabis program guidelines.

• Also see - https://www.nimh.nih.gov/ | https://www.who.int/mental_health/en/ | General Mental Health Resources.